Paraquat intoxication and associated pathological findings in three dogs in South Africa

Authors

  • June H Williams University of Pretoria
  • Zandri Whitehead University of Pretoria
  • Erna van Wilpe University of Pretoria

Abstract

Paraquat is a bipyridylium non-selective contact herbicide commonly used worldwide. When ingestion occurs by humans and animals either accidentally, intentionally or maliciously, paraquat selectively accumulates in the lungs resulting in the production of oxygen-free radicals, causing membrane damage and cell death. Intoxicated subjects typically show progressive and fatal pulmonary haemorrhage, collapse and oedema. In individuals surviving the acute phase, pulmonary fibrosis develops. Gastrointestinal-, renal- and central nervous system clinical signs may also occur. Owing to the lack of effective treatment and absence of an antidote, the prognosis is poor. The clinical presentation, clinicopathological findings and treatment are briefly described of three dogs from one South African household, intoxicated with paraquat. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in one dog that was necropsied, as well as pulmonary ultrastructure are detailed and illustrated for academic reference. All dogs
presented with tachypnoea and dyspnoea 2–3 days after accidental paraquat ingestion. Treatment was aimed at reducing gastrointestinal absorption, enhancing elimination by diuresis and avoiding further oxidative damage by administration of antioxidants. All dogs, however, became progressively hypoxic despite treatment and were euthanised. Paraquat toxicity should be a differential diagnosis in dogs with unexplained progressive respiratory and gastrointestinal signs and renal failure. The local veterinary profession should be aware of accidental or intentional paraquat toxicity of animals. Existing literature, variations possible in canine clinical signs, measured parameters, lesions, as well as possible treatments, promising experimental antidotes and management options are discussed.

Author Biographies

  • June H Williams, University of Pretoria

    Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa

  • Zandri Whitehead, University of Pretoria

    Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa

  • Erna van Wilpe, University of Pretoria

    Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa

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Published

2021-12-09

Issue

Section

Case Report